During these years Spanish society has grown steadily more secular in spirit and much more liberal in culture, until by the early 21st century it ranked as arguably the most tolerant country in a very tolerant Western Europe and, according to surveys, the one with the least patriotic spirit. Power has alternated between the socialists and the more conservative Partido Popular, extending the social development and economic growth initiated under Franco.

The parliamentary regime inaugurated by King Juan Carlos quickly achieved stability and has governed with greater or lesser success for more than 40 years. This policy was also followed, mutatis mutandis, by the great majority of the numerous post-dictatorial parliamentary regimes in other parts of the world during the generation that followed. The new leaders agreed that history should be left to historians and that the cycle of vengeance against former foes inaugurated by the Republic of 1931-1936 should be rejected. It pioneered the model of democratisation later employed in Latin America, post-communist Eastern Europe, and a number of Asian and African countries.Īfter a motion introduced by the communists in 1977, and at the unanimous behest of other leftist deputies, the new regime voted a blanket amnesty for all those involved in killings and other politically-based infractions during the revolutionary civil war of 1936-1939 and the resulting dictatorship (1939- 1975). Though much of the political history of modern Spain is a record of failure, this was a singular achievement. Never before had a firmly established modern authoritarian regime been peacefully democratised from the inside out, using the dictatorship’s own law and institutions without the impact of international war or violent revolt. The democratic transition that transformed Spain’s government between 19 was unique.

Franco stanley payne